MAY 1997
The World Bank, in common with other development agencies, has become increasingly interested in the work of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) over the past decade. The proportion of Bank-financed projects which involved NGOs in one role or another increased from an average of 6% from FY73 to FY88 to 48% in FY96.
While early NGO involvement was mostly oriented to more cost-effective or more poverty-targeted service delivery, and was often a very minor aspect of the project in question, in more recent years NGO roles have both widened and
deepened. This diversification of roles was described first in 1989 in the Bank’s Operational Directive on NGOs.2 Subsequent Bank policies stressed the important contribution of NGOs to issues relating to indigenous peoples,
resettlement, poverty reduction, and gender.
This enhanced collaboration (involving, as it does, the government in question) has enabled the Bank to identify important NGO contributions to development beyond their capacity to deliver services. Some NGOs have important specialist knowledge, for example regarding environmental issues.
Some NGOs work in close partnership with poor communities and are able both to help foster participatory development approaches and to identify priority concerns of poor people. Other NGOs help strengthen civil society through informing and educating the public, for example concerning their legal rights or entitlements to services or by helping attune government policies and practices to the needs of poor citizens. This diversity has led to expanded forms of cooperation between the Bank and NGOs including government-Bank-NGO collaboration in projects.’ It has also contributed to the Bank’s policies
(…)
Because of the growing conviction that a healthy NGO sector makes a strong contribution to development. the Bank has initiated various studies of national NGO sectors.
This work has frequently identified the imprecision. restrictiveness, arbitrariness, or unpredictable application of laws relating to NGOs as major problems hampering the development of the sector and preventing individual NGOs from achieving their potential. On the other hand, where NGO laws are lax or non-existent. it is easy for unscrupulous individuals to take advantage and to bring the sector as a whole into disrepute. These studies have led the Bank to be convinced of the utility of a handbook on good practices regarding NGO laws.
Appendix VI: CONTRIBUTORS
The principal authors and researchers at ICNL were Lee Irish and Karla Simon.
They would particularly like to thank ICNL’s staff and interns, who contributed to the
production of this volume in numerous ways. Staff: Jamila Amodeo, Debbie Cooper,
Steve Klingelhofer, Cynthia Oliveira, Doug Rutzen, Mark Segal, and Kent SinClair.
Interns: Carrielyn Guymon, Domenic Mantoan, Keith Plaster, Maria Pica, Alberto Rivera,
Hui-Chan Tsai, and Bing Xu.
Within the World Bank valuable contributions were made by Ibrahim Shihata
(General Counsel and Senior Vice President), Andres Rigo (Deputy General Counsel)
and the following staff from Operations or Sectoral Departments: Michael Cohen, Ish rat
Husain, Mark Blackden, Mark Woodward, Gita Gopal, Aubrey Williams, Suzanne PiriouSail, Alex Rondos, Najma Siddiqi, and Katherine Bain. The World Bank’s Law Project is
jOintly managed by Hans Jurgen Gruss (Legal Department) and John D. Clark (NGO
Unit).
Other contributors assisted the development of the Handbook by sending
country reports, making written or oral comments, contributing laws, regulations, and
analyses, and writing special research papers for ICNL. A partial listing of persons who
contributed in some way is listed below. Inclusion of a person’s name on this list should
not in any way imply an endorsement of the final Handbook as published here. Further
comments and suggestions are, of course, welccme.
Adil Najam, Jane Covey, Peter Geithner, Patricia Annstrong, Farida Allaghi, Margaret
Gates, Candy Whittome. Milton Cerny, Jorge Landivar, Bob Chase, Gary Hansen, Cam
West, Louis MitChell, Criag Perry, Thierno Kane, Eliana Vera, Ken Cole, Patricia Scheid,
Ed Rekosh, Susan Brown, Tom Carroll, Wendy Ramont, Nancy Zucker-Boswell, Ricardo
Govela, AI Fernandez, Danielle Roziewski, Delwin Roy, Richard Holloway, Miklos
Marschall, Bhuvan Bhatnagar, Suriya Wickremasinghe, Gowher Rizvi, Katherine
Thorup, Wino Van Veen, Ole Gejms-Onstad, Sonam Yangchen, Steven Shapiro,
Howard Schoenfeld, Richard Fries, Radhika Coomeraswamy, Kumari Jayawardan,
Deepika Udagama, Carl Juneau, Richard Steinberg, Tymen Van der Ploeg, Joab
Goodin, Usa Bonsali, Tim Lyman, Lim Teck Ghee, Eddie Yaansah. Thimjo Kondi,
Violanda Theodori, llir Panda, Mohammed Tareque, Aroma Goon, Evgeny Novikov,
Elena Tonkacheva, Irina Radckova, Rosario Baptista, Silvio Sant’Ana, Stephan
Kyutchukov, Felipe Viveros, Margarita Flores, Hector Moncayo, Gojko Bezovan, Petr
Pajas, Lennart Lyr.ge, Alberto Wray, Phillip Kirkpatrick, Stephen Lloyd, Fiona Middleton.
Andrew Phillips, Lindsay Driscoll. Rita Tamm, Verica Trstenjak. Mall Hellam, Tore
Modeen, Amaury Nardone, Ulrich Drobnig, Gabor Gyortfy, Upala Devi, Ani! Singh,
Jouzas Bivainas, Natasha Gaber, Alfredo Enrique Kronawetter, Javier de Belaunde,
Maria Beatriz Parodi Luna, Basu Dev Neupane, Ramani Jayusundere, Elena
Abrosimova, Eleana Brountseva, Ani! Chamalia, Piotr Konczewski, Piotr Komosa, Jacek
Kurczewski, Malgorzata Fuszara, Kuba Wygnanski. LUCian Mihai, Dorel Sandor, Ancuta
Vamescu, Zuzana Magurova, Bemard SihanY8, Richard Rosenthal, Graham Reeve, Lao
Mang Hay, Nyguyen Van Thanh, Wei Dingren, Chen Jinluo, Wu Zhongze, Li Yong,
Zhang Ye, Vivienne Shue, Richard Estes, Daniel Csnady, Adebe Worke, Daniel Bekele,
Joe Ghartey, Joe Baidoe-Ansah, Greg Churchill, Takako Amemiya, David Atkin, David
Robinson, Kang Moon-Kyu, Yong Cheol Lee, Joyce Yen Feng, Farag Fanish, Abdullah
Khatib, Amin Mekki Medani, Moustapha Bargouti, Arthur Drache, Manuel Arango,
Ricardo Govela, Gonzalo Rodriguez-Doldan, Maria Elena Martinez Salguerio, Paula
Antezana, Alfonso Prada Gil, Adriana Ruiz Retrepo, Paul Ronalds, Cecelia Sosa, Miguel
Angel Cabra de luna, Dominique de Crombrugghe, Klaus Neuhoff, George
Tsobanoglou, John Hickson, Joe Ryan, Bona SCianti, Bojosi Othogile, Francoise KiZerbo, Solomon Owens, Josoa Rasafindresta, Ollen Mwalubunju, S.B. Domah, Maria
Alice Mabota, Dennis Muchunguzi, Murtaza Jaffer, David Chimhini, Tawanda Murtaza,
John Borkhalter, larry Simms, Ami Bergmann, Farida Shaheed, Sohall Warraich, Dato
Usupashvili, Olga Starovoitova, Sergei Dvoryak, Shela Zia, Richard Blue, Hector Aguilar
Mendez, Carla Berolini, Mauricio Zuniga, Elena Martell, Ricardo Iglesias, Eloisa Acosta,
Enrique Flores lanza, Ruden Mejia,Santander Tristan, Maria de la Luz lima, Sergey
Zlotnikoll, Rutsam Ruslan Akamtakuno\l, Muatar Kaidarova, Vadim Tatus, Evgen
Zaharov, Eric Sievers, Husein Bagirov, Mirgul Smanalieva.